SELECT Statements
A SELECT statement can consist of the following basic clauses.
SELECT
INTO
FROM
JOIN
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING
UNION
ORDER BY
LIMIT
SELECT Syntax
The following syntax diagram outlines the syntax supported by the SQL engine of the provider:
SELECT {
[ TOP <numeric_literal> | DISTINCT ]
{
*
| {
<expression> [ [ AS ] <column_reference> ]
| { <table_name> | <correlation_name> } .*
} [ , ... ]
}
[ INTO csv:// [ filename= ] <file_path> [ ;delimiter=tab ] ]
{
FROM <table_reference> [ [ AS ] <identifier> ]
} [ , ... ]
[ [
INNER | { { LEFT | RIGHT | FULL } [ OUTER ] }
] JOIN <table_reference> [ ON <search_condition> ] [ [ AS ] <identifier> ]
] [ ... ]
[ WHERE <search_condition> ]
[ GROUP BY <column_reference> [ , ... ]
[ HAVING <search_condition> ]
[ UNION [ ALL ] <select_statement> ]
[
ORDER BY
<column_reference> [ ASC | DESC ] [ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
]
[
LIMIT <expression>
[
{ OFFSET | , }
<expression>
]
]
} | SCOPE_IDENTITY()
<expression> ::=
| <column_reference>
| @ <parameter>
| ?
| COUNT( * | { [ DISTINCT ] <expression> } )
| { AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT } ( <expression> )
| NULLIF ( <expression> , <expression> )
| COALESCE ( <expression> , ... )
| CASE <expression>
WHEN { <expression> | <search_condition> } THEN { <expression> | NULL } [ ... ]
[ ELSE { <expression> | NULL } ]
END
| <literal>
| <sql_function>
<search_condition> ::=
{
<expression> { = | > | < | >= | <= | <> | != | LIKE | NOT LIKE | IN | NOT IN | IS NULL | IS NOT NULL | AND | OR | CONTAINS | BETWEEN } [ <expression> ]
} [ { AND | OR } ... ]
Examples
Return all columns:
SELECT * FROM TweetsRename a column:
SELECT [Text] AS MY_Text FROM TweetsCast a column's data as a different data type:
SELECT CAST(AnnualRevenue AS VARCHAR) AS Str_AnnualRevenue FROM TweetsSearch data:
SELECT * FROM Tweets WHERE From_User_Name = 'twitter'Return the number of items matching the query criteria:
SELECT COUNT(*) AS MyCount FROM TweetsReturn the number of unique items matching the query criteria:
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Text) FROM TweetsReturn the unique items matching the query criteria:
SELECT DISTINCT Text FROM TweetsSummarize data:
SELECT Text, MAX(AnnualRevenue) FROM Tweets GROUP BY TextSee Aggregate Functions below for details.
Retrieve data from multiple tables.
SELECT u.Name, u.Friends_Count, u.Followers_Count, m.Favorite_Count, m.Retweet_Count, m.Text FROM Users u INNER JOIN Mentions m ON u.Id = m.User_IDSee JOIN Queries below for details.
Sort a result set in ascending order:
SELECT From_User_Name, Text FROM Tweets ORDER BY Text ASCRestrict a result set to the specified number of rows:
SELECT From_User_Name, Text FROM Tweets LIMIT 10Parameterize a query to pass in inputs at execution time. This enables you to create prepared statements and mitigate SQL injection attacks.
SELECT * FROM Tweets WHERE From_User_Name = @param
Aggregate Functions
COUNT
Returns the number of rows matching the query criteria.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Tweets WHERE From_User_Name = 'twitter'
COUNT(DISTINCT)
Returns the number of distinct, non-null field values matching the query criteria.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT From_User_Name) AS DistinctValues FROM Tweets WHERE From_User_Name = 'twitter'
AVG
Returns the average of the column values.
SELECT Text, AVG(AnnualRevenue) FROM Tweets WHERE From_User_Name = 'twitter' GROUP BY Text
MIN
Returns the minimum column value.
SELECT MIN(AnnualRevenue), Text FROM Tweets WHERE From_User_Name = 'twitter' GROUP BY Text
MAX
Returns the maximum column value.
SELECT Text, MAX(AnnualRevenue) FROM Tweets WHERE From_User_Name = 'twitter' GROUP BY Text
SUM
Returns the total sum of the column values.
SELECT SUM(AnnualRevenue) FROM Tweets WHERE From_User_Name = 'twitter'
JOIN Queries
The Provider for Twitter supports standard SQL joins like the following examples.
Inner Join
An inner join selects only rows from both tables that match the join condition:
SELECT u.Name, u.Friends_Count, u.Followers_Count, m.Favorite_Count, m.Retweet_Count, m.Text FROM Users u INNER JOIN Mentions m ON u.Id = m.User_ID
Left Join
A left join selects all rows in the FROM table and only matching rows in the JOIN table:
SELECT u.Name, u.Friends_Count, u.Followers_Count, m.Favorite_Count, m.Retweet_Count, m.Text FROM Users u LEFT JOIN Mentions m ON u.Id = m.User_ID
Date Literal Functions
The following date literal functions can be used to filter date fields using relative intervals. Note that while the <, >, and = operators are supported for these functions, <= and >= are not.
L_TODAY()
The current day.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_TODAY()
L_YESTERDAY()
The previous day.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_YESTERDAY()
L_TOMORROW()
The following day.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_TOMORROW()
L_LAST_WEEK()
Every day in the preceding week.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_LAST_WEEK()
L_THIS_WEEK()
Every day in the current week.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_THIS_WEEK()
L_NEXT_WEEK()
Every day in the following week.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_NEXT_WEEK()
Also available:
L_LAST/L_THIS/L_NEXT MONTH
L_LAST/L_THIS/L_NEXT QUARTER
L_LAST/L_THIS/L_NEXT YEAR
L_LAST_N_DAYS(n)
The previous n days, excluding the current day.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_LAST_N_DAYS(3)
L_NEXT_N_DAYS(n)
The following n days, including the current day.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_NEXT_N_DAYS(3)
Also available:
L_LAST/L_NEXT_90_DAYS
L_LAST_N_WEEKS(n)
Every day in every week, starting n weeks before current week, and ending in the previous week.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_LAST_N_WEEKS(3)
L_NEXT_N_WEEKS(n)
Every day in every week, starting the following week, and ending n weeks in the future.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_NEXT_N_WEEKS(3)
Also available:
L_LAST/L_NEXT_N_MONTHS(n)
L_LAST/L_NEXT_N_QUARTERS(n)
L_LAST/L_NEXT_N_YEARS(n)
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