SELECT Statements
A SELECT statement can consist of the following basic clauses.
SELECT
INTO
FROM
JOIN
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING
UNION
ORDER BY
LIMIT
SELECT Syntax
The following syntax diagram outlines the syntax supported by the SQL engine of the provider:
SELECT
{
[ TOP
<numeric_literal> | DISTINCT
]
{
*
| {
<expression> [ [ AS
] <column_reference> ]
| { <table_name> | <correlation_name> } .*
} [ , ... ]
}
[ INTO
csv:// [ filename= ] <file_path> [ ;delimiter=tab ] ]
{
FROM
<table_reference> [ [ AS
] <identifier> ]
} [ , ... ]
[ [
INNER
| { { LEFT
| RIGHT
| FULL
} [ OUTER
] }
] JOIN
<table_reference> [ ON
<search_condition> ] [ [ AS
] <identifier> ]
] [ ... ]
[ WHERE
<search_condition> ]
[ GROUP
BY
<column_reference> [ , ... ]
[ HAVING
<search_condition> ]
[ UNION
[ ALL
] <select_statement> ]
[
ORDER
BY
<column_reference> [ ASC
| DESC
] [ NULLS FIRST
| NULLS LAST
]
]
[
LIMIT <expression>
[
{ OFFSET | , }
<expression>
]
]
} | SCOPE_IDENTITY()
<expression> ::=
| <column_reference>
| @ <parameter>
| ?
| COUNT( * | { [ DISTINCT
] <expression> } )
| { AVG
| MAX
| MIN
| SUM
| COUNT
} ( <expression> )
| NULLIF
( <expression> , <expression> )
| COALESCE
( <expression> , ... )
| CASE
<expression>
WHEN
{ <expression> | <search_condition> } THEN
{ <expression> | NULL
} [ ... ]
[ ELSE
{ <expression> | NULL
} ]
END
| <literal>
| <sql_function>
<search_condition> ::=
{
<expression> { = | > | < | >= | <= | <> | != | LIKE
| NOT
LIKE
| IN
| NOT
IN
| IS
NULL
| IS
NOT
NULL
| AND
| OR
| CONTAINS
| BETWEEN
} [ <expression> ]
} [ { AND
| OR
} ... ]
Examples
Return all columns:
SELECT * FROM Users
Rename a column:
SELECT [Email] AS MY_Email FROM Users
Cast a column's data as a different data type:
SELECT CAST(Size AS VARCHAR) AS Str_Size FROM Users
Search data:
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserLogin = 'mojombo'
Return the number of items matching the query criteria:
SELECT COUNT(*) AS MyCount FROM Users
Return the number of unique items matching the query criteria:
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Email) FROM Users
Return the unique items matching the query criteria:
SELECT DISTINCT Email FROM Users
Summarize data:
SELECT Email, MAX(Size) FROM Users GROUP BY Email
See Aggregate Functions below for details.
Retrieve data from multiple tables.
SELECT Commits.AuthorName, CommitComments.Body FROM Commits, CommitComments WHERE Commits.Sha=CommitComments.CommitSha
See JOIN Queries below for details.
Sort a result set in ascending order:
SELECT Name, Email FROM Users ORDER BY Email ASC
Restrict a result set to the specified number of rows:
SELECT Name, Email FROM Users LIMIT 10
Parameterize a query to pass in inputs at execution time. This enables you to create prepared statements and mitigate SQL injection attacks.
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserLogin = @param
Aggregate Functions
COUNT
Returns the number of rows matching the query criteria.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Users WHERE UserLogin = 'mojombo'
COUNT(DISTINCT)
Returns the number of distinct, non-null field values matching the query criteria.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Name) AS DistinctValues FROM Users WHERE UserLogin = 'mojombo'
AVG
Returns the average of the column values.
SELECT Email, AVG(Size) FROM Users WHERE UserLogin = 'mojombo'
GROUP BY Email
MIN
Returns the minimum column value.
SELECT MIN(Size), Email FROM Users WHERE UserLogin = 'mojombo'
GROUP BY Email
MAX
Returns the maximum column value.
SELECT Email, MAX(Size) FROM Users WHERE UserLogin = 'mojombo'
GROUP BY Email
SUM
Returns the total sum of the column values.
SELECT SUM(Size) FROM Users WHERE UserLogin = 'mojombo'
JOIN Queries
The Provider for Instagram supports standard SQL joins like the following examples.
Inner Join
An inner join selects only rows from both tables that match the join condition:
SELECT Commits.AuthorName, CommitComments.Body FROM Commits, CommitComments WHERE Commits.Sha=CommitComments.CommitSha
Left Join
A left join selects all rows in the FROM table and only matching rows in the JOIN table:
SELECT Commits.AuthorName, CommitComments.Body FROM Commits LEFT OUTER JOIN CommitComments ON Commits.Sha=CommitComments.CommitSha
Date Literal Functions
The following date literal functions can be used to filter date fields using relative intervals. Note that while the <, >, and = operators are supported for these functions, <= and >= are not.
L_TODAY()
The current day.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_TODAY()
L_YESTERDAY()
The previous day.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_YESTERDAY()
L_TOMORROW()
The following day.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_TOMORROW()
L_LAST_WEEK()
Every day in the preceding week.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_LAST_WEEK()
L_THIS_WEEK()
Every day in the current week.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_THIS_WEEK()
L_NEXT_WEEK()
Every day in the following week.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_NEXT_WEEK()
Also available:
L_LAST/L_THIS/L_NEXT MONTH
L_LAST/L_THIS/L_NEXT QUARTER
L_LAST/L_THIS/L_NEXT YEAR
L_LAST_N_DAYS(n)
The previous n days, excluding the current day.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_LAST_N_DAYS(3)
L_NEXT_N_DAYS(n)
The following n days, including the current day.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_NEXT_N_DAYS(3)
Also available:
L_LAST/L_NEXT_90_DAYS
L_LAST_N_WEEKS(n)
Every day in every week, starting n weeks before current week, and ending in the previous week.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_LAST_N_WEEKS(3)
L_NEXT_N_WEEKS(n)
Every day in every week, starting the following week, and ending n weeks in the future.
SELECT * FROM MyTable WHERE MyDateField = L_NEXT_N_WEEKS(3)
Also available:
L_LAST/L_NEXT_N_MONTHS(n)
L_LAST/L_NEXT_N_QUARTERS(n)
L_LAST/L_NEXT_N_YEARS(n)
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